Bit Security of the CDH Problems over Finite Field, by Mingqiang Wang and Tao Zhan and Haibin Zhang

It is a long-standing open problem to prove the existence of (deterministic) hard-core predicates for the Computational Diffie-Hellman (CDH) problem over finite fields, without resorting to the generic approaches for any one-way functions (e.g., the Goldreich-Levin hard-core predicates). Fazio et al. (FGPS, Crypto '13) make important progress on this problem by defining a weaker Computational Diffie-Hellman problem over $\mathbb{F}_{p^2}$, i.e., Partial-CDH problem, and proving the unpredictability of every single bit of one of the coordinates of the secret Diffie-Hellman value. However, the existence of specific hard-core predicates for the regular CDH problems defined over finite fields remains unproven. This paper closes this gap and resolves the long-standing open problem over finite fields $\mathbb{F}_{p^t}$ for any constant $t>1$. In particular, we show that all the individual bits of the CDH problem over $\mathbb{F}_{p^2}$ and almost all the individual bits of the CDH problem over $\mathbb{F}_{p^t}$ for $t>2$ are hard-core.